Conflict-prone energy transition? How the development of the Olkaria geothermal energy projects threatens local livelihoods in Kenya

Africa stands at a crossroads in its developmental trajectory, and energy transition will play a pivotal role in shaping its future. As a result, many African countries, including Kenya, are increasingly pursuing large-scale renewable energy projects. As their number and size increase across the continent, concerns about energy justice, conflicting interests and stakeholder dissatisfaction have emerged.

This report explores conflicting interests in the development of the Olkaria geothermal energy projects in Naivasha. Their development is mainly driven by the Kenyan government’s vision for economic growth and climate mitigation. However, its development neglects host communities’ interests and expectations, having adverse effects on their socio-economic livelihoods. These conflicting interests, if not well managed, could lead to violent conflict.